This research was primarily funded by the Resilience to Nature’s Challenges National Science Challenge: Kia manawaroa – Ngā Ākina o Te Ao Tūroa. Additional funding was provided by Northland Regional Council, South Taranaki District Council, New Plymouth District Council, Tasman Regional Council and Nelson City Council. A portion of the coastlines for the Waikato Region were provided by the Waikato Region.